Neorealism Kenneth Waltz Theory of International Politics

Introduction A theory is a set of ideas which provide an explanation of something. Theories act as frameworks for guiding scholars and researchers in their work so as to avoid duplication of ideas or repeating the mistakes which were made by previous researchers or scholars.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neorealism: Kenneth Waltz ‘Theory of International Politics’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In international relations, theories are used to explain the relationships between nations of the world. The theories look at the philosophies which shape the relationships between nations and the key interests of the nations which participate in international relations (Acharya Buzan, 2009). Various theories have different explanations about why, how and to what extend do nations interact. However, the overriding principle in all international relations theories is that nations relate for specif ic interests and in their relations, they usually try to create a win win situation which is characterised by a symbiotic kind of relationship. One of the theories of international relations is neorealism which was derived from the classical realism theory (Brown Ainley, 2009). Realism This is a state-centric international relations approach in that it looks at states as the key actors in international politics. The theory is based on historical writers such as the works of Rousseau, Machiavelli and Thucydides (Edkins Vaughan-Williams, 2009). The main argument of realism is that international relations is characterised by anarchy, in which states interact for their selfish interests. Realism therefore negates the mutual understanding of states in their relations but rather puts more emphasis on the struggle of nations to amass as much resources as possible in order to advance their own interests. With realism, economic success is the leading interest in international relations (Bo oth Smith, 1995). Neorealism As mentioned above, neorealism is a reformulation of classical realism. Its key proponent is Kenneth Waltz, who outlined it in his book titled ‘Theory of International Politics’ published in 1979 (Baldwin, 1993). For the last decade, the neorealist approach has gained popularity in the field of international relations.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory is critical of classical realism because of the persistence use of the concept of human nature in the explanation of relationships by nations. According to neorealists, international relations are shaped more by the structural constrains rather than human nature which includes motivation and strategy. It is also shaped by the anarchic principle, which has been widely decentralized meaning that all states have similar needs but what separate them are their capabil ities to achieve those needs. States therefore have to be very careful when choosing which state or states to partner with in efforts to increase capabilities of meeting their needs. What this means is that nations have to enter into a relationship only with nations which have the potential of improving their capability of meeting thier needs. If this is not done carefully, the result is that some nations end up losing and others benefiting from the relationship thus creating a situation reffered to as security dilemma (Baldwin, 1993). In order for nations to improve their capabilities of meeting their needs in the international platform, they engage in what is reffered to as balance of power which takes place in two forms namely internal and external balancing. Internal balancing of power entails the acceleration of economic growth and investing more in military. External balancing entails entering into alliances with other nations so as to keep the power of other powerful nations or alliances of nations at check (Baldwin, 1993). According to neorealists, there exist three systems of capability distribution in the international arena. They include a unipolar system, a bipolar system and a multipolar system. In international relations, polarity is defined as the distribution of power within the international system. A unipolar structure constitutes of one state, whose capabilities (economic, military, cultural and geopolitical) are too high to be counterbalanced by other states. Bipolarity has to do with a situation in which two states are predominantly powerful over the others while muiltipolarity has to do with a situation in which more than three states are powerful and can act as centres of power in the world at the same time (Krauthammer, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neorealism: Kenneth Waltz ‘Theory of International Politics’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Realists are of the view that the current international system is a bipolar one, pitting the United States (US) on one hand and the other nations on the other. According to them, bipolarity is the least prone structure to war because the second tier states (those which are close to the super power in terms of capabilities) usually foster their good relationships with the super power, each of them having the interest of forming an alliance with the super power to outwit the others in the fight for supremacy. The closest rivals in the supremacy for bipolarity include Britain, German, Japan and China. All these are known to partner with the United States in many ways, both as strategies for increasing their internal stability and increasing their supremacy (Kugler Lemke, 1996). However, critics of neorealsim are of the view that since unipolairity is characterized by one state whose capabilities are too high to be counterbalanced, it means that the threat of rivalry between pow er hegemons is not a possibility. According to the hegemonic theory, the presence of a powerful state enhances international peace because there is no competition for supremacy. The given state therefore enhances international peace as long as it is able to retain its power differences and suppress any efforts by other states to close the gaps in power (Huntington, 1999). References Acharya, A., Buzan, B. (eds). (2009). Non-Western International Relations Theory.London: Routledge. Baldwin, D.A. (1993). Neorealism and neoliberalism: the contemporary debate. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Booth, K., and Smith, S. (eds). (1995). International Relations Theory Today, Oxford:Polity. Brown, C., Ainley,K. (eds). (2009). Understanding International Relations (4th, Ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Edkins , J., Vaughan-Williams, N. (eds). (2009). Critical Theorists in InternationalRelations. London: Routledge. Huntington, S.P. (1999). â€Å"The Lonely Superpower,† Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 2, p. 36. Krauthammer, C. (1991). â€Å"The Unipolar Moment,† Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70, No. 1 winter, pp. 23–33. Kugler, J., Lemke, D., eds., (1996). Parity and War: Evaluation and  Extension of the War Ledger. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. This research paper on Neorealism: Kenneth Waltz ‘Theory of International Politics’ was written and submitted by user Asia Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of the Phrase Marketing Mix

History of the Phrase Marketing Mix Free Online Research Papers The term marketing mix became popular after Neil H. Borden published his article The Concepts of the Marketing Mix in 1964. In this article Borden explains how he first began using this term in the late 1940s after James Culliton described the marketikng manager as a mix of ingredients. These ingredients in Bordens teachings included product, planning, price, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis. These ingredients were later grouped by E. Jerome McCarthy into four categories which we now refer to as the four ps of marketing (NetMBA 2007). The four ps of marketing make up the marketing mix which is probably the most well known of all the marketing terms. Its elements are the basic, tactical components of a marketing plan. The four ps, of the marketing mix elements are product, place, promotion and price (Marketing teacher 2009). These four elements create the marketing m ix which impacts the development of any organizations marketing strategies and tactics. The concept is simple. Think about a cake and the components of a cake. There are certain ingredients that are required but one can alter how much of each ingredient is added. The same goes with marketing. The four ps are required but depending on the organization there may be more emphasis on one and less on another. But one thing remains the same, all four ps are necessary. The majority of people use the four ps but some will use the five ps and add people. Others may even go up to seven and add people, physical evidence (such as uniforms, facilties, or livery) and process (NetMBA 2007). The organization that has been selected is the Londoner. The Londoner is an English pub and would be considered in the service industry. This paper will be defining the marketing mix as well as how the four ps impact the development of the Londoners marketing strategies and tactics. The first of the four ps of marketing is product. The product is the physical product or service offered to the consumer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Product decisions include aspects such as function, appearance, packaging, service, warranty, etc (Marketing Mix 2009). Generally speaking, when people think of the product they do not think about everything that must be done in preperation for the product to be sold. With any product, however, the goal is to satisfy consumers needs. The name of the product is crucial when trying to sell to people. The name of the organization one has chosen is the Londoner. When people hear the name they autimatically think of London, England. With this in mind, the owners decorated the English pub just as English pubs actually are. When people walk in to the Londoner they feel as if they are in London. There are many signs of London, the lighting is dim, and the furnit ure is rustic. Then there is the goods that are offered. Being an English pub there are a variety of different English beers such as, Fullers, Boddingtons, Guiness, Old Speckeled hen an so on. There is a variety of different types of food on the menu as well. The majority of the menu is Indian food, which is considered English food. Many people are not aware of the strong Indian roots that England has but they do. So by honoring England the menu has items such as Bangers and Mash, Shepards Pie, Chips and Curry, and Chicken Tiki Masala just to name a few. Keeping with the theme of London, the juke box also has famous English bands on there such as The Beatles, The Who, The Rolling Stones and many more. Being an English pub, many of the customers are English themseleves. Another part of the packaging of the Londoner is that they show all the soccer games world wide. This is a vital part of the Londoners marketing strategy. Many bars around Dallas tend to only show the most popular sports in the Unite d States. Seeing how soccer is not as popular as football in the United States most places do not show it. What poeple do not realize is that soccer is the most popular sport in the world. The Londoner is aware of this and they show all the games. Since the Londoner is one of the only places that shows all the soccer games, poeple come from all over the metroplex to watch the games and spend their money. The best part about the Londoner showing these games, is that unlike every other sport, soccer goes year round. The second element in the marketing mix is place. Place (or placement) decisions are those associated with channels of distribution that serve as the means for getting the product to the target customers. The distribution system performs transactional, logistical, and facilitating functions. Distribution decisions include market coverage, channel member selection, logistics, and levels of service (Marketing Mix 2009). Place looks at location, how the product will get to where it needs to and how the product will then be sold. Many times place includes retailers, whole sellers and if it is on the internet then is would include a direct channel. The Londoner sells primarly food and drinks. This being said, the majority of the products are bought from whole sellers. There is a delivery once a week that delivers napkins, straws, food, alcohol etc to the store. Inventory is done once a week by management to determine what, and how much the store needs, then the order is placed. The third elements of the marketing mix is price. The price of the product does not always mean the specific price but often times it is refering to the price policy. According to Marketing Mix 2009, Pricing decisions should take into account profit margins and the probable pricing response of competitors. Pricing includes not only the list price, but also discounts, financing, and other options such as leasing. Depending on the product, the location and many other varibables the price of the product may change from one location to another. The price of the product is typically determined by the quality of the product and the target consumers. The price of items sold at the Londoner are aimed towards the middle class. Drinks are affordable as well as the food. If the food was expensive no one would come and business would suffer. If the products were priced to low then there would be any profit made. On the slowest days of the week, Sunday and Monday, the Londoner does happy hour all day. The reason for this is to bring business in. During the summer prices tend to drop a little. This is because the summer is the slow season. During the summer people tend to go to other bars where the patio is bigger so the Londoner lowers prices and run more specials to keep people coming back. The final element of the marketing mix is promotion. Often times people think of promotion as the sales part of the mix. Sales is a part of promotion as well as advertising and public relations. Promotion decisions are those related to communicating and selling to potential consumers. Since these costs can be large in proportion to the product price, a break-even analysis should be performed when making promotion decisions. It is useful to know the value of a customer in order to determine whether additional customers are worth the cost of acquiring them. Promotion decisions involve advertising, public relations, media types, etc (Marketing Mix 2009). Promotion is a big part of the Londoners marketing stratgies. When someone wants a vodka cranberry, for example, the customer is always asked if they want grey goose. This is called up saleing and the reason for this is to sale a better vodka because it costs more. Another way the Londoner promotes themselves is by going to events like The Taste of Addison. Going to events like the Taste of Addison is a great way to get the word out about the Londoner. At events like this people can try the food and get toknow some of the employees in hopes of helping buisness. The marketing mix is a major part of any organization marketing strategies. Each element, product, place, price and promotion all contribute to an organizations success. The Londoner would not be as successful as they are if any of the four ps were left out. NetMBA (2007). Business Knowledge Center. The Marketing Mix (The 4 Ps of Marketing). Retrieved July 14, 2009 from netmba.com/marketing/mix/ Marketing Teacher (2009). Marketing Mix. Retrieved July 14, 2009 from marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_marketing_mix.htm Marketing Mix (2009). The Marketing Mix- (The 5 Ps of Marketing). Retrieved July 15, 2009 from http://facweb.eths.k12.il.us/feeleyd/smart%20lab%20support/adsmktg/marketing_mix.htm Research Papers on History of the Phrase "Marketing Mix"Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is Art

Applying the Chronic Illness Trajectory Framework to a past client Coursework

Applying the Chronic Illness Trajectory Framework to a past client - Coursework Example Doctors performed a diagnosis of CORP exacerbation alongside uncontrollable blood glucose that has a link to the respiratory treatment. Through cross-examining the victim, I apprehended that the he had been diagnosed with a chronic ailment. I attributed the cause of his illness to his exposure to toxic materials while serving in the American Air force. Here, I linked the cause to the first assumptions that indicate that the courses of chronic conditions are dynamic and changes with time. As the interrogation continued, I realized that the course of the patient’s condition would have been altered if he would not have denied his condition. As a result of his denial, his COPD evolved and soon he realized that he faced an elevated intolerance phenomenon that caused the supplementation of oxygen during exercises and medication. The patient’s condition would have been shaped and managed before it developed into the chronic state. The patient would have changed his career to a void getting exposes to more of the combustions fumes that his work entailed (Whittemore & Dixon, 2008). The technology involved in the treatment of the victim’s case was oxygen treatments machines. Long term oxygen therapy treatment that is subject to controversy based on its effectiveness was also administered. With the continual administration of the therapy, the condition of the patient worsened depicting that there was a way in which the technology used in the treatment affected him negatively. He later developed the symptoms of dyspnea and coughing and this necessitated hospitalization to attain a status of control. It seems the consequences of the technological effects led to the attraction of Type 2 diabetes that the patient’s diagnosis confirmed. Consequently, the patient could not acquire some of the biographical fulfillment and perform his daily activities such as dressing and taking a shower. As a result, his

Ethics & Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics & Business - Essay Example In Mexico, it has been reported that workers are offered very little wages to an extent that they are forced to send their kids to offer labor in garment factories instead of going to school (Esbenshade, 2004, pp.4). This denies the young children from achieving their rights to education and forces them into the same torturing manual professions like their parents. The word â€Å"sweatshop† was first coined in the early 1900s i.e. during the industrial revolution. It was a term used to express the kind of abusive working situation several workers in Latin America used to and are still put to go through by middlemen who make an income off their sweat. For every pay a worker receives, there is a percentage that is taken by the middlemen. This percentage is what is said to be sweated from the laborer despite the fact that, they received minimal wages for disproportionate work, under unhygienic conditions. Basically, the greatest victim of sweatshops is often women. Under these wo rking conditions, these women’s right to wages that meet basic costs of living is violated; they live and work under substandard and hazardous working condition; they receive no compensation for overtime work; and also endure sexual harassment. In many instances, the women fall victim to this inhuman habit as they are lured by recruiters who promise heaven but only offer hell. Worse still, is the fact that in most instances, they pay lots of cash in recruitment and contractual fees that tie them up to commitments that would probably last for endless years. Some even go for several years without receiving even a single penny as they try to pay off their debts. Those who attempt to escape back home without meeting their contractual commitments are in most cases blacklisted or jailed. The laborers, who often are not quite familiar with their labor rights frequently, carry on with work even when their wages delayed for weeks. Some employers even lure the women into offering them sexual favor for better opportunities and wages, something that never comes to bare fruits (Hapke, 2004, pp.3). Global Corporations’ Perspective and Ethics Ethics among global corporations is a widespread issue that impacts not only in the economies of Latin America, but also the economies of other nations as well. In a time when technology has enhanced accessibility all across the world, the global economy is continually becoming more and more vital. Labor standards of the firms targeting foreign workers must aptly take into consideration the principal form of human rights, and the persona of both the individuals targeted as well as that of the company. When discussing ethics among global corporations, some of the key areas of debate include â€Å"extortion, moral norms and human rights† (Hapke, 2004, pp.3). The behavioral traits exhibited by firms in the hosting nations normally impact negatively on the economies and persons of both the targeted nation as well as the host firms doing business. Due to this, the ethical standards under which a company ought to operate under has been a source of extensive debate for a very long time. There are two fundamental ethical issues in human rights that need to be largely taken into consideration by global business players. First and foremost, is the question of whether global business players should carry out business in nations which consistently

Compare and Contrast between Ethics and Law Essay

Compare and Contrast between Ethics and Law - Essay Example The fundamental purpose of both ethics, as well as the Law, is to moderate the behavior of the individual in the society. Both seek to regulate misguided human emotions from causing harm to the society and himself. Ethics has generally been considered as the â€Å"law of nature† or the â€Å"law of God†. From the beginning of civilization, man has always come to realize the dichotomy of right and wrong which is demonstrated by the universal thread of morality that runs through the worlds’ diverse cultures. Law in the present age has come to be extremely diversified. There is now a corporate lawyer to govern the interactions of business organizations, a civil law to tackle general affairs, international law to deal with the affairs of sovereign states and intellectual property law to deal with knowledge and knowledge dissemination. Correspondingly, there has come to be a Business ethics, biomedical ethics, corporate ethics and so on. All legal systems are derived from ethical systems of one kind or the other. Just as there are dissensions in the interpretations of the law, there are also different kinds of ethics. Hedonism, Cyrenaic Hedonism, Epicureanism, stoicism, utilitarian ethics, realism etc have extended their influence on significant subsections of the intellectual globe. This apparent absence of unity does not nullify the content of either law or ethics. It has been commented upon by various authors, that the ultimate interpretation of any law or statute rests on the presiding judge. In making his individual ruling, the judge relies to a large extent on his ethical convictions. In the famous Roe Vs Wade trial pertaining to the legality of abortion, five  judges ruled in favor while three dissented. These judges no doubt knew that there were no legal grounds to deny an abortion in the specific trial but they considered it a breach of morality to deny the right to life of a potential human being.

The Effects Of Dehydration And Rapidly Consuming Water Biology Essay

The Effects Of Dehydration And Rapidly Consuming Water Biology Essay Blood pressure measures the pressure applied against the inner walls of arteries, it differs throughout the body and is controlled by the contraction of the heart and can vary from person to person based upon their age, weight, and overall health. The two types of pressure are referred to as systolic pressure, when the ventricles contract and push blood through the body, and diastolic pressure, the ventricle fills with blood again. High blood pressure, when blood exerts a high amount of pressure because there is difficulty moving throughout the body, has proven to be an adverse health condition involving heart disease and stroke (www.freedrinkingwater.com 2009). Dehydration demonstrates a relationship with higher blood pressure and is referred to as essential hypertension (Insel et al. 2010). There is a steady rise in blood pressure that indicates a shortening supply of water and the blood vessels react accordingly. Lumen or the tiny holes in the blood vessels are able to adapt, open and close, in response to the amount of blood. Studies have shown that only 8% of the insufficient water intake affects the volume of blood directly compared to the 66% imposed on the volume water in certain cells (Batmanghelidj 2003). However, the circulatory system shrinks by closing the lumen throughout the blood vessels. First, in the peripheral capillaries and eventually the larger vessels constrict in order to try and maintain full blood vessels. This gives a rise to tension or pressure throughout the blood vessels and a higher blood pressure overall (Batmanghelidj 2003). There are other studies that show the importance of water balance and the key role of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Purves et al. 2006). Water is such an essential part of the human body that there are specialized cells in the brain that detect the elevated sodium levels within the body and signal the pituitary gland to release ADH to indicate to the kidney that it should conserve water (Insel et al. 2010). This conserves blood volume and maintains blood pressure. When there are low levels of ADH not as much water is absorbed and dilute urine is produced. Water retention and intake dilutes the blood and expands blood volume. (Purves et al. 2006) My experiment is to test the rapid consumption of water and the effects on blood pressure. My hypothesis is that the consumption of water will cause my blood pressure to drop because it will add to the fluidity of my blood and make is easier to pass through the arteries and the heart rate will drop because of the less pressure. The null hypothesis would be that the consumption of water would take no effect on blood pressure or cause a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. As the previous background information has shown, hydration can play a major role in high blood pressure and therefore adverse health. Materials and Methods: The first instrument to note would be the sphygmomanometer, a device used to measure blood pressure. Before we drank the water we had to place the sphygmomanometer on correctly and take our basal blood pressure. We had all been in a resting position for around 2 hours, this qualified as enough time to take our initial basal blood pressures. To obtain accurate results the sphygmomanometer must be placed correctly over the brachial artery and pumped to around 150 mm Hg. The average of class was obtained by adding up all the systolic pressures and dividing by 26, the number of students conducting the test and the same was performed for the diastolic pressures. The first average basal blood pressure for the class was 104/70, the second 110/71 and the third was 107/70. The sphygmomanometer also displays the heart rate of the person using it. The classs average basal heart rates were 77, 79 and 78 (beats per minute). Once the initial readings were complete the water was prepared to be cons umed. The temperature of the water varied because there were students that had water bottles sitting out a room temperature for at least 2 hours while others had to fill them from the water fountain, which is chilled. Usually using a nalgene, 24 fl. oz of water were prepared to be consumed. It can be assumed that most people in the classroom were slightly, if not significantly dehydrated because we had not drunk any water for at least 2 hours. The sphygmomanometer was prepared as before on the first partner, the water was rapidly consumed and the blood pressure and pulse was taken immediately after they were finished drinking. There was a 3 minute break between the next blood pressure reading so the other partner has the sphygmomanometer placed on their brachial artery and consumes the same amount of water and has their blood pressure and pulse was taken. The sphygmomanometer was traded between the two partners every three minutes to record the different blood pressures and pulse for the next 12 minutes. The average blood pressures for the corresponding 3 minute intervals were 120/79, 114/68, 111/71, 117/77, and 114/72. The average heart rates were 71, 70, 69, 71, and 71 likewise. The independent variable was the amount of water consumed while the dependent variable was the blood pressure and pulse because it was what we were testing for. The constants for this experiment were time, the environment we were all in and the fact that water was consumed. This experiment was also paired because the same group of people that performed the basal readings conducted the rest of the experiment as well. There were 13 groups of two throughout the class and the same experiment was replicated in each pair. Statistics: Figure 1: Range of Basal Heart Rate 60 bpm Range of 0 min Heart Rate 75 bpm Range of 3 min Heart Rate 54 bpm Range of 6 min Heart Rate 54 bpm Range of 9 min Heart Rate 76 bpm Range of 12 min Heart Rate 58 bpm Table 1 Data Range: Figure 2: Range of Diastolic Data: Range of Systolic Data: Range of Basal Systolic 68 mm Hg Range of 0 min Systolic 84 mm Hg Range of 3 min Systolic 59 mm Hg Range of 6 min Systolic 53 mm Hg Range of 9 min Systolic 62 mm Hg Range of 12 min Systolic 49 mm Hg Range of Basal Diastolic 58 mm Hg Range of 0 min Diastolic 79 mm Hg Range of 3 min Diastolic 60 mm Hg Range of 6 min Diastolic 52 mm Hg Range of 9 min Diastolic 77 mm Hg Range of 12 min Diastolic 52 mm Hg Table 2 Table 3 T-Test with Averages: Table 4 Results: This experiment tested the results of rapidly drinking water when dehydrated on heart rate and blood pressure of subject. The results for the average heart rate seem to demonstrate that the pulse does not change very much with the consumption of water. As for the systolic and diastolic pressures, there are some changes after the water is consumed. There appears to be a spike in the systolic pressure around the 0 minute mark and then it decreases to about average again. The diastolic pressure is much more similar to the heart rate because it is relatively consistent to the average, no drastic changes. The t-test is much more than .05 and shows that the chance these results were random is very high. The ranges of each data set display the differences between each array of data. Discussion: My hypothesis states: that the consumption of water will cause the blood pressure and heart rate to drop. My prediction is that the water will add to the fluidity of my blood and make it easier to travel through the arteries and relieve pressure. My results did not support my hypothesis because there was an initial rise in systolic pressure after the water was consumed. The pressure never dropped significantly below the basal readings and therefore my hypothesis was not supported and the null hypothesis tested correctly. If you look at the t-test table (table 4) the p-values were very high, much higher than .05, and this shows that the results had a very high chance of being random. My new hypothesis would be the consumption of water will cause my blood pressure to rise. The reasoning behind this thought is that the water adds to the mass of blood flowing throughout the body and therefore, creates more pressure on the walls of the arteries and yields a higher pressure than before. On ce the water is evened out throughout the body the pressure decreases to around the basal readings. One of the most obvious errors about this lab was the gathering of information from the class. Time is always a constraint on lab work and we ran out of time before we could gather all our information together right after the experiment. Instead, our TA had to collect all the data and put it on a spread sheet. I believe there may have been some communication issues because there are parts of the data that are considered instrumental error and there are no numbers for calculations. The other error that I noticed was the temperature of the water because we didnt actually see if everybodys water was the same temperature or not. On that note, the amount of water also varied at times because not everybody was able to measure out 24 fl. Oz with a nalgene and had to estimate. Looking at previously published work there is evidence that dehydration and hypotension (low-blood pressure) seem to go hand in hand (Weed 1999). Therefore, when hydrated the blood pressure will rise. This is the exact opposite of what I stated in my hypothesis because I thought that addition of water would lower the blood pressure. Heart rate is also low during dehydration but is more variable if it will change during re-hydration or not (Montain and Coyle 1992). Once again, this is the exact opposite of what I predicted in my hypothesis. It appears that most previously printed work does not support my hypothesis. As I mentioned earlier the largest weaknesses I noticed in this experiment were time, communication between TA and student, volume and temperature of water. I would suggest that more time is set aside for the collection and processing of data stage in the experiment so that the entire class is able to get the full amount of information there instead of having the TA email everybody for their results and then making a spreadsheet. The experiment can also be better prepared with pre-measured cups of water with thermometers so the temperature and volume can be more consistent. My conclusion to this experiment is that dehydration does have an effect on blood pressure, it causes it to rise. The water adds to the pressure against the walls of the arteries. There appears to be no direct effect on the actual heart rate after the water is consumed. Literature Cited: Batmanghelidj, F. 2003. Water: For Health, for Healing, for Life Youre Not Sick, Youre Thirsty! New York: Warner Books. p 93-100. Health information- water alleviate symptoms High blood pressure /Cholesterol. Drinking Water Filters- Reverse Osmosis Water Purifiers Water Softeners. Web. 01 Feb. 2010. . Insel et al. 2010. Discovering Nutrition. London: Jones and Bartlett International. p. 400-403 Purves et al. 2003. Life The Science of Biology. 7th Edition. New York: Sinauer Associates and W. H. Freeman. p. 216-221 Montain SJ, Coyle FH. 1992. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology Weed L, Weed L. 1999. Changing the Doctor-Patient Relationship. BMJ Weedman D, Sokoloski E. 2009. Biology of Organisms: Laboratory Manuel. Ohio: Cengage Learning. P. 170-183

Presonal Writing: My First Impression Of My Teacher Miss Vicki :: essays research papers

Presonal Writing: My First Impression of My Teacher Miss Vicki   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first impression of Miss Vicki was a highly authorative figure towering over me. Her voice boomed and the earth shook whenever she marched. She seemed like such an unapproachable and distant person. That was in the first year of High School. She was my Literature teacher then.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During my first year in school, she struck terror in my heart. And everyone else's of course. The mere mention of her name made the most unruly classes silent. The birds stopped screeching. Even the earth felt still. The omniscent presence of rumours stating that she didn't like Junior High students was not much of a help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nevertheless, the 2 years of Junior High passed by rather quickly. Soon, I was promoted to Senior High class. I had worked hard and gotten the subject combination that I wished for. Together with a bunch of old friends, I soon settled down in class comfortably.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As fate would have it, she was fortunate enough to be my form teacher that year. I almost choked in alarm when I heard the news. This time round, however, I resolved not to cower in terror whenever she was near. I decided to face the fact that we were going to meet each other for the next 365 days. Instead of trying too hard to lick her boots, I tried my best to be my natural self in front of her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still, I could not shake off the ice-cold image that she possessed in my heart. True, her corney jokes sometimes sent me into frolicking laughter, yet at other times these jokes simply fell flat the moment she uttered them. My lovely class, however was always ready to laugh at the right time and place of her amusing stories. Afterall, we would not want to run the risk of her temper erupting in front of us like Mount Saint Helens spewing molten rock and

Arab-Israeli War of 1973 Essay

The Arab-Israeli War was an armed conflict initiated by the Arab nations of Egypt and Syria against Israel on October 6, 1973 in an effort to reclaim territories that Israel had controlled since the Six Day War of 1967. The date holds special significance to the Jewish calendar, being Yom Kippur, hence this war is also known as the Yom Kippur War. Though Israel was caught by surprise and experienced severe losses during the war, assistance from the United States military led to a cease-fire less than three weeks later. In the aftermath, Israel retained its territories and its aftermath had far ranging effects on the geopolitics of the Middle East. First, the victory of Israel had an uplifting effect on its population. Its military had been seen to have grown largely complacent following the Six Day War. However, despite initial defeats, they managed a successful turnaround of the Yom Kippur War’s outcome. As such, despite the surprise advantage of Egypt and Syria they had regained the upper hand in less than two weeks, though at a high cost in casualties. In effect, Israel woke up to the reality that their military supremacy in the region was not absolute. (Rabinovich 498) Second, by granting support to Israel, the United States invited the ire of oil-producing Arab states. This manifested itself in the actions of Saudi Arabia, which not only reduced its oil production but declared an embargo against the United States. Saudi Arabia was later joined by other oil-producing Arab states and together they extended their embargo against other import dependent nations in Western Europe as well as Japan. The result was the 1973 energy crisis that sent oil prices spiraling past $60 per barrel and close to $100 per barrel in 1979. (Smith 329) Third, on the geopolitical front, enemy states of Israel concluded in the aftermath that they could not defeat it by force, and thus turned towards diplomatic tactics in antagonizing it. The effect was that many African and Third World nations, under pressure from the Arab states, broke their diplomatic ties to Israel. Works Cited No author. â€Å"The 1973 Yom Kippur War. † Anti-Defamation League, 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2008 from: http://www. adl. org/ISRAEL/record/yomkippur. asp Smith, Charles. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York, NY: Bedford, 2006. Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle eAst. New York, NY: Shocken Books, 2005. Rabinovich, Abraham [2005]. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York, NY: Schocken Books. ISBN 0 8052 4176 0. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, 2006, p. 329.

Fance after 1871 essays

Fance after 1871 essays In the following paragraphs I will be discussing France after it's defeat in the Franco-Prussian war; the constitution, divisions in government, threats to the people's faith in their rulers, and the economy. France began this era at considerable disadvantage because of the war and Bismarck's policy of isolation, which greatly hindered it's attempts to regain it's prosperity and it's influence in European affairs. France after the Franco-Prussian war was in both economic and political crises. In the treaty of Frankfurt she had agreed to pay 5 billion francs in reparations to Germany to allow a German army of occupation to remain there until the debts were paid. She had surrendered the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, and had agreed to allow a triumphant German army to march through the streets of Paris in return for allowing France to keep the town of Belfort, in Alsace. The people of France were poor, humiliated and disillusioned with the government that had allowed the demise of their country. Furthermore, Bismarck's policy of isolation made it almost impossible for France to form alliances within Europe which would help her to regain some of her former power. The people of France were resentful towards Germany and the government was more inclined to focus on a war of revenge than the rebuilding of the country. These were the terms under which the third French republic began so it is not surprising that it's reign was to be short-lived. Adolphe Thiers, a liberal monarchist, was head of the national assembly. Communes were established all over the country to represent each of the towns in the assembly , and the first real threat to the 3rd French republic came about as a result of this. The Parisians believed that the new bourgeois government was failing to recognise the special position of the people of Paris, who had just undergone a four-month siege. Revolution broke out in march 1871, supported by work...

What is Defamation †Law Essay

What is Defamation – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers What is Defamation Law Essay The law of defamation was meant to protect peoples reputations from unfair attack. Over the years, however, it has mutated into a heterogeneous mess invoked by the rich, who can afford to hire people clever enough to navigate the maze that is todays defamation laws, to protect exclude themselves from public scrutiny and criticism. To make things worse, defamation law differs from state to state, allowing those with deep enough pockets to shop around for the jurisdiction that most suits their needs. The sorry state of defamation law in Australia has prompted various calls for reform dating back from when Gareth Evens first took office as Commonwealth Attorney-General in 1983. Yet it is only recently that we seem to be headed for nationally uniform defamation laws. The proposal by the States is likely to bring more uniformity and less confusion to the law of defamation. However, it is likely to be clobbered by the national proposal from the Commonwealth Attorney-Generals department, which is likely to keep defamation in its current place as a weapon for the rich and powerful. One need only examine the proposed amendment to the truth defence to see an example of how defamation can be used by those who can afford to invoke the wrath of the law to protect them from scrutiny. But before we can criticise the proposed truth defence, we need to understand the purpose of defamation law. Purpose of defamation For the purposes of this essay, discussion of defamation will be restricted to the civil tort, which is meant to clear the reputation of the defamed. The criminal offence is meant to punish defamers and protect the community, so would be less of a tool to be used to avoid scrutiny. In fact, because of the level of proof required, a criminal trial may increase the level of scrutiny on a victim relating to the alleged defamation. The law of defamation historically refers to an aggregation of laws relating to slander and libel. Its purpose is and always has been the protection of peoples reputations. The basis for this was an acknowledgement that a good reputation took time and money to build up, like a house. This meant damage inflicted upon it should afford a remedy in the same way that vandalism affords a remedy to property owners. It should be noted that defamation protects a persons reputation, not their character. It does not afford a remedy for wounded pride, sleepless nights, or hurt feelings. Instead, defamation only rectifies damage the the view others hold of you. The distinction between reputation and character is an important one, which has been confused even by judges. Another source of confusion is the cause of action in defamation. When a defamatory statement is published, it is not the reprehensible motive of the publisher that gives rise to an action, but rather the effect of the statements published (and whether there was a legal basis for their publication). Defamation does not punish a publisher for thinking malice towards the victim, but rather for hurting the victims reputation. In this way, it is similar to the tort of negligence, which is not concerned with the intent of the negligent party, only the effect of their actions (and whether they fulfilled their legal duty). The protection of peoples reputations inevitably will come into conflict with any pre-existing right to free speech. Defamation law has to balance these two rights, weighing the right to free speech against the right of people to their reputations. Today, free speech is encouraged by allowing people, at the common law to publish the truth without fear of being liable for defamation. The problem with privacy Whats private? Definition difficulties. Whatevers private is removed from public discussion. Defamations no good for protecting privacy. Research Papers on What is Defamation - Law Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and Canada

Communication Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Final Exam - Essay Example He organized the National Farm Workers Association in 1962 and the union became known for its use of mass mobilizing method and alliance with other labor organizations. Among his accomplishments are wage increase and improvement of working conditions of farm workers in Arizona, California, Florida and Texas (Foner and Garraty 1991). His legacy includes being a great leader, humanitarian and communicator which expressed his motto â€Å"Yes, it can be done!† (Si se puede!). He established projects and continued his advocacies through his foundation regarding labor issues for farmers and received the highest civilian honor from President Clinton in 1994. He helped â€Å"ordinary people do extraordinary things† (â€Å"About Cesar† Cesar Chavez Foundation). Kenneth Bancroft Clark was an educator and psychologist who dedicated his life fighting for educational improvement and against racial discrimination of black children. He was the first black professor at the City University of New York. He also became a professor emeritus at City College. He also taught at other educational institution including Harvard, Columbia and University of California. His biggest contribution is in the field of education, overseeing the public education in the state as part of the New York State Board of Regents and as consultant to the personnel department of the U.S. State Department in the 1960s (Associated Press 2005). He was able to uplift his image by fighting racism by being educated. He promoted his campaigns through authoring highly influential books that tackle ghetto life, education and poverty. He became known for advocating integrated schooling. He also cofounded the Northside Center for Child Development which looks after children with persona lity disturbances (Martin 1994). Fred Korematsu was a Japanese-American civil rights activist and a National Civil Rights hero (NPR, 2014). He was born in California and one of the 4 children of Japanese immigrants. He

Karma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karma - Essay Example It is an origin of ancient India used by religions. These religions included Hindu, Buddhist and Jain. In a religious view, karma is sometimes viewed as a way of punishing wrong doers. In the modern century, karma has lost its sensitivity as many people only believe in justice through legal bodies or revenge. Psychologists argue that this is caused by the lack of sensitivity and religious roots in the society. In India religions like Hindu, Buddhist and Jain hold significance sensitivity when it comes to karma. This paper will focus on the perspective of karma depending by the three religions. Additionally, the paper will highlight the difference between the beliefs associated with karma from the three religions. The nature of karma in Hinduism Hinduism strongly associates karma with God. This is the factor that makes differentiate their belief from Jain and Buddhism. In the latter religions, karma is not associated with any deity as everyone is believed to reap the effects of their actions in one way or another. In Hinduism karma is either a blessing or curse from God. Hinduism also has a perception that karma is not a punishment from God but is the resultant of someone’s action. Additionally, karma is generated and executed from the will of God. Karma in Hindu is executed by the slogan I you sow goodness you will reap goodness but if you sow wickedness you will reap wickedness. ... The nature of Karma in Jainism In Jainism, "karma" exhibits a completely different explanation from that usually understood in Hindu philosophy and other western religions. In Jainism, karma is known as karmic dirt, since it consists of very fine and microscopic elements that spread through the entire world. Karma is lured to the karmic field of a living thing because of its vibrations created from the activities of brain, dialogue, and body plus various cerebral dispositions. Therefore, karma can be referred to as the consciousness of a living thing. When Karma and consciousness are combined the life we live at the presented is created. The main reason why the understanding of karma in Jainism is different from other religions is that: 1. Karma is a natural occurring phenomenon which does not need any external force to direct its effects. 2. Jainism holds the perception that the karma of a living thing is changed not only by actions but also thoughts. 3. According to the Jain theolo gy, a living thing is introduced to the world when their karma can handle the worldly occurrences. 4. The karmic hypothesis in Jainism functions endogenously. 5. Jainism has the assumption that every soul has a capability of having nirvana and for this reason every soul should be treated equally. The nature of karma in Buddhism In this religion, karma is classified as cause and not a result. It is defin3ed by causes and effects rather than the effects caused by karma. In Buddhism, karma is dictated by the ability of a person to plant the seeds of goodness in their thoughts and brain in order to have good actions. The results resulted from ones actions are not classified as karma as since the fruits of one’s actions can be changed the